Just Cause - A state may defend itself against unjustified aggressive actions. States may come to the aid of a state that has been subject to aggression from another state., Legitimate Authority - Only the state has the power to commit its citizens to war., Just Intentions - The war must be prosecuted with reluctance, restraint, and a willingness to accept peace when the objectives of war have been achieved. , Public Declaration - The causes of war and the terms under which peace might be restored must be clearly stated. A state’s citizenry must be informed of the cause of war, which requires resort to arms and the ensuing risk to life and limb of those who will participate in the conflict., Proportionality of Results - There must be a reasonable relationship between the goals and objectives to be achieved and the means being used to achieve them., Last Resort - Any war has destructive consequences and must be avoided if possible, consistent with the legitimate interests of the state. Negotiations, compromise, economic sanctions, appeals to higher authority must be pursued to redress grievances before resort to war is justified., Reasonable Hope of Success - The state must not squander the lives and property of its citizens in an unfeasible effort., Discrimination - Noncombatants should be immune from attack. , Proportionality of Force Used - The amount and type of force used must be such that the unjust consequences do not exceed the legitimate objectives.,

Just-War Principles

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