True: Universal Grammar proposes that all human languages share an innate, biologically-based structure., The Monitor Model emphasizes a distinction between acquisition and learning., The Natural Order Hypothesis claims that learners acquire grammatical structures in a fixed sequence, regardless of their first language., The Input Hypothesis states that learners acquire language best when exposed to input that is slightly beyond their current proficiency level (i+1)., A high affective filter can block language acquisition by causing anxiety and lowering motivation., The Natural Approach encourages communication from the start, even if learners make mistakes., The Output Hypothesis argues that producing language helps learners notice gaps in their knowledge., Information processing theories compare language learning to the development of automatic processes, similar to learning a skill., Connectionism suggests that learners form connections between language elements through repeated exposure., The stages in noticing are 3: frequency related, perceptual salience, and task demand, According to Long, trhoughout negotiating meaning, imput is produced, Innativist and cognitivist perspectives replaced behaviourusm as ways of explaining language learning, Chomsky's theory focused on L1 acquisition, Monitoring cannot take place all the time, The five hypotheses have been criticized for being unstable and therefore speculative, In the output hypothesis learners move from "semantic" processing to "syntactic" processing, Receiving feedback allow students to modify their interlanguage, False: According to Chomsky, language learning depends mainly on social interaction and environmental exposure., The concept "innate ability" was proposed by Krashen, The Affective Filter Hypothesis suggests that cognitive skills alone are sufficient for successful language learning., According to Krashen, learners must produce output in the target language for acquisition to occur, according to the Input Hypothesis., According to the Interactional Hypothesis, input alone is enough to guarantee successful language acquisition., According to the Natural Order Hypothesis, teachers can teach grammar structures in any order they want without affecting acquisition., In the Natural Approach, learners are not allowed to use their first language during lessons., Processability Theory argues that learners can acquire any grammatical structure at any stage of their development., Cognitive theories focus only on social interaction without accounting for mental processes., Rod ellis expressed "teachers are not selective consumers", Swain suggested that the mind has an innate ability to hypothesize and discover rules based on limited language samples, The innate ability of the brains does not allow the person to make mistakes, The emotions and attitudes of learners cannot form an affective filter that block input, For the cognitive theories, is necessary to distinguish between learning and acquisition, Automatization implies moving from automatic cognitive processes to controlled cognitive processes, McLaughlin suggested that people always learn gradually,

EXPLORING ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING (GRAHAM HALL)

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