Cuneiform - Sumerian invention; earliest form of writing, Ziggarat - pyramid-shaped temple where the gods lived, City-State - a large independent city and its surrounding territory that had its own government,  economy and military, Monarchy - form of government where the king and queen held the power and authority, monotheism - belief in only one god, polytheism - belief in many gods, Code of Hammurabi - first formal set of laws (282) created by King Hammurabi, surplus - growing or having more than what is needed (allowed for goods to be traded), barter - exchanging goods without the use of money, silt - rich, black fertile soil , The two rivers that surround Mesopotamia - Tigris and Euphrates, irrigation - man made ways to provide water to crops, social hierarchy  - ladder in society where some people are considered higher up than others, based on things like their wealth, power, or status, levee - Sumerian invention; building a wall out of earthen material to prevent flooding, stylus - a writing tool made from a reed, with a sharpened, wedge-shaped tip, used by ancient Mesopotamian scribes to press impressions into soft clay tablets, scribe - a highly educated person who wrote and read in many subjects. They were an elite group of people who were responsible for recording financial transactions, managing administrative organizations, and creating history, Who did the Sumerians believe were the only ones who could speak to the gods? - priests, Name two mathematical achievements of the Mesopotamians? - Time (60 minute base) and a 12 month calendar with 30 days, What are 2 achievements that helped the Sumerians with farming? - plow, shaduf, seed funnel, What material did Sumerians invent that helped them make stronger tools for protection and allow their civilization to prosper? - bronze, What groups of society were considered upper class? - king, priests, merchants, scribes and artisans, What group of society were middle class? - farmers and skilled workers, Who were in the lowest class of society? - slaves, Were women equal to men in Mesopotamian society? - no, What rights did women have in Mesopotamia? - They could own property, they could start businesses, they could learn to read and write, When did Ancient Mesopotamia begin? - circa 4000 BCE, What region in the world is the Fertile Crescent located in ? - The Middle East,

Mesopotamia

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