Climate - Temperature and rainfall influence weathering. Hot climates cause chemical weathering, while cold climates lead to freeze-thaw weathering., Parent Material - The type of rock from which soil forms determines its properties. For example, granite breaks down slowly, while limestone forms fertile soil., Vegetation - Plants decay and add humus and nutrients to the soil. Deciduous trees contribute more organic material than coniferous trees., Living Organisms - Organisms like bacteria, fungi, and earthworms break down organic matter and improve soil structure., Landscape (Topography) - The shape of the land affects soil drainage. Upland soils are often waterlogged, while lowland soils are deeper and well-drained., Time - It takes a long time for soil to develop, sometimes up to 400 years for 1 cm to form, Human Activity - Farming can improve soil through fertilization or damage it through overuse.,

Soil Formation

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