Climate, Temperature and rainfall influence weathering. Hot climates cause chemical weathering, while cold climates lead to freeze-thaw weathering., Parent Material, The type of rock from which soil forms determines its properties. For example, granite breaks down slowly, while limestone forms fertile soil., Vegetation, Plants decay and add humus and nutrients to the soil. Deciduous trees contribute more organic material than coniferous trees., Living Organisms, Organisms like bacteria, fungi, and earthworms break down organic matter and improve soil structure., Landscape (Topography), The shape of the land affects soil drainage. Upland soils are often waterlogged, while lowland soils are deeper and well-drained., Time, It takes a long time for soil to develop, sometimes up to 400 years for 1 cm to form, Human Activity, Farming can improve soil through fertilization or damage it through overuse..

Soil Formation

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