Luminosity - The total amount of light energy emitted by the starAbsolute magnitude is defined as, Absolute magnitude is defined as - A measure of how bright stars would appear if they were all placed the same distance away from the Earth, Apparent magnitude is defined as - The perceived brightness of a star as seen from Earth, Star brightness (as seen from Earth) depends on - Luminosity and distance from Earth, Negative magnitudes - Represent bright objects, Positive magnitudes - Represent fainter stars, Red shift - Provides evidence of an expanding universe , Doppler effect - The observed change in sound frequent depending on position relative to a moving object,

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