1) What do viruses lack compared to living organisms? a) Genetic information b) The ability to evolve c) DNA that codes for proteins d) The ability to create their own ATP 2) Which is true about influenza viruses? a) They are composed of a membranous envelope from the host cell b) Their form is cylindrical, made from one type of repeating capsid c) They are specialized to target bacteria d) Their genetic information is encapsulated by capsomeres and no viral envelope 3) Which of the following is a retrovirus (requires reverse transcriptase to transcribe its genome in the host cell)? a) Herpes b) Smallpox c) AIDS d) Influenze 4) What type of structure does the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID) virus have? a) b) c) 5) What is the importance of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses? a) It uses viral RNA as a template for DNA synthesis b) It replicates viral DNA within the host cell c) It uses viral RNA to create more viral strands in the host cell d) It allows the virus to hijack the host cell's membrane 6) Which form of biotechnology allows for the amplification of DNA into large sample sizes that can then be analyzed? a) Gene therapy b) PCR c) DNA sequencing d) Artificial selection 7) Which are considered forms of biotechnology? a) Mapping entire genomes by base pair b) Creating multiple copies of a gene to analyze or produce proteins c) Selective breeding to emphasize desired traits d) All of the above 8) What type of stem cell can develop into a complete, mature organism? a) Totipotent b) Pluripotent c) Multipotent d) Somatic 9) What happens during therapeutic cloning? a) A gamete is fused with another gamete b) A somatic cell is combined with a gamete c) A nucleus from a somatic cell is fused with the enucleated egg of another organism d) An enucleated egg of another organism is reprogrammed to self-fertilize 10) Red blood cells a) Can only become one type of cell b) Can become a whole organism c) Can become other specific cell types 11) Which statement best summarizes Darwin's theory of evolution? a) Darwin's theory proved that individuals adapted to their environment over time b) Darwin's theory emphasized that specific traits of specific individuals would change over time c) Darwin's theory emphasized that populations changed over time d) Darwin's theory was the first to propose that species acquired characteristics over time 12) Which of the following observations would support Lamarck's hypothesis to evolution that individuals acquired traits over time? a) An increase in beaver teeth length after thicker trees sprouted in their natural habitat b) An increase in anteater tongue length as ancestors continue to stretch their tongues to reach further underground c) An increase in black moth populations as industrialization produced more smog in the air, staining several surrounding areas and making lighter moths more obvious to predators d) A dramatic decrease in lizard population after invasive predators are introduced to the area 13) Which of the following statements about evolution is true? a) Individuals change in response to their environment b) Natural selection does not need to occur for evolution to occur c) Genetic variation increases as changes in the environment increases d) In the absence of genetic variation, natural selection cannot act upon a population 14) In which of the following scenarios would the bottleneck effect most likely cause evolution? a) One population has inherited traits better suited to the environment than another b) The size of the gene pool increases as few individuals migrate to another habitat to establish a new population c) Female birds choose specific mates according to specific mating rituals d) A natural disaster drastically reduces a population, leading to a decrease in genetic diversity 15) If various deer of one species migrates past a mountain range into the habitat of another population of deer, what kind of mechanism of evolution is this an example of? a) Genetic drift b) Gene flow c) Natural selection d) Founder effect 16) What of the following organelles do both eukaryotes and prokaryotes share? a) Nuclear membrane b) Nucleus c) Ribosomes d) Endomembrane system 17) Which of the following statements is true about glycogen and starch? a) They are polymers of lipids b) They are structural polysaccharides c) They are energy-storage polysaccharides d) They are polymers of maltose 18) Where does aerobic cellular respiration take place? a) Nucleus b) Ribosome c) Golgi apparatus d) Mitochondrion 19) In what type of chemical bond are valence electrons transferred? a) Ionic b) Nonpolar covalent c) Polar covalent d) Hydrogen 20) According to the chemical equation of photosynthesis, which is considered a reactant? a) Oxygen b) Starch c) Carbon dioxide d) All of the above 21) Which phase most likely determines whether a cell will divide or not? a) S b) G1 c) G2 d) Mitosis 22) During which phase of meiosis do tetrads form? a) Prophase b) Metaphase c) Anaphase d) Telophase 23) Which organism group pairs consist purely of eukaryotic cells? a) Bacteria and archaea b) Archaea and fungi c) Fungi and protists d) Protists and bacteria 24) Which of the following is true about electrons? a) They weigh the same as neutrons b) They hold a positive charge c) # of protons minus # of electrons = charge number d) # of electrons + # of neutrons = atomic number 25) What type of bond is found within water molecules? a) Ionic b) Polar covalent c) Hydrogen d) Sulfhydryl

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