Null hypothesis - always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, Independent variables - manipulated in order to affect the outcome of an experiment., Dependent variables - represent the outcome of the manipulation, Control variables - held constant throughout the experiment., Confounding variables - variable that hides the true effect of another variable in an experiment, Nominal - Categories, Ordinal - Ranking, Interval - equal intervals between neighboring data points, Ratio - True zero point, Mode - the most frequent value, Median - the middle number in an ordered dataset, Mean - the sum of all values divided by the total number of values., Normal distribution - Data is symmetrically distributed, Skewed - More values fall on one side of the center than the other, and the mean, median and mode all differ from each other, Standard Deviation - on average, how far each score lies from the mean, Range - Spread of your data from the lowest to the highest value in the distribution, Variance - Square of the standard deviation., Statistically significant - It’s unlikely to be explained solely by chance or random factors., Practical significance - Shows you whether the research outcome is important enough to be meaningful in the real world, Normality - p > 0.05, Significance - p < 0.05, Not significant - p > 0.05,

Introduction to statistics

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