An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate - Informed Consent, Participants must have the option to leave the study and withdraw all their data at any time - Right to withdrawn, the right of research participants to be protected from physical or psychological harm - Protection from harm, misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire - Deception, the act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals - Confidentiality, to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant - Debrief, A prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong (what we wish to disprove) - Null hypothesis, The variable that a researcher actively manipulates, and if the hypothesis is correct, will cause a change in the dependent variable - Independent Variable (IV), the research variable that is influenced by the independent variable, what is measured in the experiment - Dependent Variable (DV), Any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study (e.g. the participants mood) - Extraneous variables, An experiment that takes place in a controlled environment where the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV while maintaining strict control of extraneous variables. - Lab experiment, An experiment set up in the real world with the IV being manipulated, usually with participants who are not aware that they are in a study of any kind. - Field experiment, An experiment where the researcher takes advantage of a pre-existing IV. This IV is something that would happen even if the researcher isn't there. - Natural experiment, An experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. Also called a mixed design. - Quasi-experiment, Stereotypical views and differential treatment of males and females, often favouring one gender over the other. - Gender Bias, Emphasizes the differences between women and men - Alpha Bias, Theories that ignore or minimise differences between women and men - Beta Bias, The situation that arises in testing when one cultural or subcultural group is more familiar with test items than another group and therefore has an unfair advantage. - Culture Bias, All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment - Repeated measures, Two separate groups of participants take part in two different conditions of the experiment - Independent group, A procedure for putting participants into conditions by chance - Random Allocations, Systematic alternation of the order of treatment conditions, to avoid order effects in a repeated measures design. - Counter Balancing, Asking a group of people from the same target population as the sample whether they would agree to take part in such a study, if yes then presume the sample would - Presumptive Consent, Before participants are recruited they are asked whether they are prepared to take part in research where they might be deceived about the true purpose - Prior general consent, Once the true nature of the research has been revealed, participants should be given the right to withdraw their data if they are not happy. - Retrospective consent, the degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not confounds - Internal validity, an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way - External validity, A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are most easily available at the time of the study. - Opportunity sampling, A sample of participants produced when they have been asked and volunteers or respond to an advert - Volunteering sampling, a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion - Random sampling,

Research Methods

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