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Visual Illusion - Misinterpretations of the reality of a visual stimulus. Unavoidable and differing from objective reality., Muller-Lyer Illusion - Misinterpretation of two lines of equal length with different shaped ends (Arrowheads and inverted arrowheads). Can be explained by carpentered-world hypothesis or apparent distance theory., Ames Room - A physical space made to be viewed through a peephole. Appears to be a standard rectangular room to the observer, but is a trapezoid. The illusion can be explained through binocular depth cues, shape constancy, and culture. , Agnosia - Interferes with the ability to recognise or identify objects, people, or sounds using one or more of the senses. The distortions cannot be explained by memory, attention, or language problems, or a lack of familiarity with the stimuli., Apperceptive Visual Agnosia - Neurological disorder typically caused by brain injury (typically of the parietal and occipital lobes). Cannot process or perceive certain stimuli (e.g familiar objects/places). No perception takes place at all, therefore they cannot even copy a drawing. , Associative Visual Agnosia - Neurological disorder typically caused by brain injury (typically to the temporal lobe). Can perceive things, but cannot translate that into recognition. Could copy an image. , Prosopagnosia - Example of visual agnosia which involves an inability to recognise the faces of familiar people without issues of memory or impaired vision. , Supertasters - People with an unusually large number of papillae, meaning they have significantly more taste buds and taste sensitivity than someone with fewer papillae., Non-tasters - People with an unusually small number of papillae, thus they have less taste buds and less taste sensitivity., Conflicts of Top-down and Bottom-up Gustatory Perception - Top-down processing can by influenced by vision, for example seeing something orange and round you might expect a citrus-y taste (perceptual set), however bottom-up processing (taste buds) might tell you that it tastes of chicken. , Miraculin - A protein from a berry known as a miracle berry or miracle fruit. It binds to the sweetness receptors on the papillae and makes sour or acidic taste be perceived as sweet., Synaesthesia - A perceptual phenomenon where someone can experience unusual perceptions in one sensory system after another sensory system has been activated. It is consistent and predictable. It is a genuine and immediate perception, not learned. , Grapheme-Colour Synesthesia - Written letters and numbers are associated with colours. , Lexical-Gustatory Synaesthesia - Experiences sensations of taste when perceiving certain words. , Spatial Neglect - Inability to attend to one side of their body, or perceive visual stimuli on one side of their visual field. Typically a temporary consequence of stroke, especially if it occurred in the right hemisphere. ,

Distortions of Perception

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