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equal protection under the law - the right of citizens to life, liberty, and property through fair treatment in the courts, by police, and other government officials. This right was extended to African Americans by the 14th Amendment., 14th Amendment - It grants citizenship to all persons born in the U.S. and guarantees them equal protection under the law. It also banned former Confederate leaders from holding federal or state offices unless they were pardoned by Congress., Freedman's Bureau - helped ex-slaves make the transition to citizenship by starting public schools, helping them make fair labor contracts, providing food and medical assistance, Reconstruction - the era after the Civil War when people attempted to reorganize and remake the South without slavery., Abraham Lincoln - his presidential Reconstruction plan emphasized forgiveness and harmony with the Southern States, but insisted on equality for Freedmen, carpetbaggers - Northerners who were resented because they profited by, Black Codes - state laws that used unfair labor contracts to keep Freedmen from receiving fair pay for their work and discouraged them from looking for work with anyone but their current landlords, 13th Amendment - it banned slavery in the United States and its territories., Civil Rights Act of 1866 - the law that Congress passed to give Freedmen equal rights with white citizens despite Andrew Johnson's veto; it was followed by the passage of the 14th Amendment, 15th Amendment - it was ratified to protect the voting rights of African American men, Compromise of 1877 - Republicans agreed to pull military troops out of the South, ending Reconstruction, in return for Rutherford Hayes becoming president, Robert E. Lee - he urged Southerners to consider American citizenship as more important than the right to own and profit from slave labor, Frederick Douglass - he worked for the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and he criticized the discrimination caused by Jim Crow laws, Andrew Johnson - his presidential Reconstruction plan put white racists back in power, sharecroppers - were kept uneducated, poor, and without property by the state laws which came to be known as Black Codes, Radical Republicans - leaders in Congress like Thaddeus Stevens who challenged Andrew Johnson to make sure Freedmen got equal rights in the South, African American officeholders - gained power after Freedmen's voting rights were guaranteed, former Confederate leaders - were prevented from holding public offices because they had led the movement for Southern secession and war against the U.S. government, Booker T. Washington - he said that whites shouldn't be confronted openly about their racist attitudes; instead, he recommended education and job training for African Americans to promote self-reliance, segregation - the separation of citizens in public life based on their race, Jim Crow - the name given to segregation laws to show that they were harmful, W.E.B. Dubois - 1st Black man to earn Ph.d. from Harvard University, he encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910, Ida B. Wells - African American journalist who published statistics about vigilante justice, and who urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcars or shop in white-owned stores, postwar problems - race riots, homeless Freedmen, worthless Confederate money, Southerners dependent on help from Northerners and the federal government,

Reconstruction

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